==========+=====================+===================+==================== APPARATUS | MODEL GIVEN OR ACT | ACT OF NO. 1 | ACT OF NO. 3 | PUT THROUGH | | ----------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------- OOO |To pull upper |Pulled both strings| | string. | alternately, but | | | upper enough | | | more to succeed. | | | | QQ |To push bar in. |Inserted fingers | | | between bar and | | | its slot and | | | pulled and | | | pushed vaguely. | | | | RR |To pull plug out |Pulled and bit. | | with right hand. | | | | | VV |To pull loop off nail|_Similar._ | | with right hand. | | | | | QQ (a) |To pull bar around |Pulled back |Pulled back | toward him. | and forth | and forth | | indiscriminately.| indiscriminately. | | | QQ (b) |To pull bar around |Pulled back | | toward him in | and forth | | 2½ continuous | indiscriminately.| | revolutions. | | | | | QQ (c) |To take nail and pull|Pulled back and |_Similar_ or | directly outward. | forth. | nearly so. | | | Delta |To push bar to right | |Did before tuition | with right hand. | | by pulling wire; | | | after tuition by | | | chance movement | | | of head. | | | Theta |To pull bolt up with | |Pulled door and | right hand. | | worked bolt loose. | | | Epsilon |To stand in front, | |Inserted arm in | insert fingers of | | general activity | right hand and | | while on top of | press lever down. | | the box. | | | QQ (e) |To pull hook down. | |Pulled at the lever | | | and hook in a | | | general attack on | | | the apparatus. | | | QQ (ff) |To pull wire loop | |Pulled outward on | off nail with | | the lever which | right hand. | | pushed the banana | | | down the | | | chute so hard as | | | to pull it off its | | | pivot. | | | WW |To stand on top of | |Pulled at door until | box, reach right | | bar worked out | hand down and | | of its catch. | pull bar up. | | ==========+=====================+===================+====================
I have kept the results of the tests of the ‘on chair’ type separate from the others because they may be tests of a different thing and surely are subject to different conditions.
They were tests of the animals’ ability to form the habit of going to a certain place by reason of having been _carried_ there and securing food thereby. I would leave the animal loose in the room, and if he failed in 5 or 10 minutes to go to the place of his own accord, would put him back in his cage; if he did go of his own accord, I would note the time. Then I would take him, carry him to the place, and feed him. After doing this 10 times I would turn him loose again and see whether the idea of being fed in such and such a place was present and active in making him go to the place. In such tests we are absolutely sure that the animal can without any difficulty perform the necessary movements and would in case the proper stimulus to set them off appeared, if, for instance, a bit of food on one of the places to which he was to go caught his eye. In so far forth the tests were favorable cases for learning. On the other hand, the situation associated with getting food may have been in these cases not the mere ‘being on box’ but the whole previous experience ‘being carried while clinging and being put or let jump on a box.’ In this respect the tests may have been less favorable than the acts where getting food was always the direct sequent of the act of going into the box.
The experiments were:—
A. Carrying the animal and putting him on a chair.
B. Carrying the animal and putting him on a pile of boxes.
C. Carrying the animal and putting him on the top of a sewing machine.
D. Carrying the animal and putting him on the middle of a board 6 feet long, stretched horizontally across the room, 3 feet from the floor.
E. Carrying the animal and putting him on the side of the cage, head down.
The results are given in Table 13.
The size of the room in which I worked and other practical difficulties prevented me from extending these experiments. As they stand, no stable judgments can be inferred from them. It should be noted that in the successful cases there were no other signs of the presence of the idea ‘food when there’ than the mere going to a certain place. The animal did not wait at the place more than a second or two, did not look at me or show any signs of expecting anything.
