=A=
Abbott, Dr. C.C., instability of habits of birds, 76 on American water-thrushes (Seiurus), 117 Mr., drawings of caterpillars and their food plants, 203
Accessory plumes, development and display of, 293
Acclimatisation, 94
Achatinellidae, Gulick on variations in, 147
Acquired characters, non-heredity of, 440
Acraeidae, mimicry of, 247
Adaptation to conditions at various periods of life, 112
Adolias dirtea, sexual diversity of, 271
Aegeriidae, mimicry by, 240
Agaristidae, mimicry of, 246
Agassiz, on species, 5 on North American weeds, 15.
Agelaeus phoeniceus, diagram showing variations of, 56; proportionate numbers which vary, 64
Albatross, courtship of great, 287
Allen, Mr. Grant, on forms of leaves, 133 on degradation of wind-fertilised from insect-fertilised flowers, 325 (note) on insects and flowers, 332 on production of colour through the agency of the colour sense, 334 Mr. J.A., on the variability of birds, 50
Allen, Mr. J.A., on colour as influenced by climate, 228
Alluring coloration, 210
American school of evolutionists, 420
Anemone nemorosa, variability of, 78
Animal coloration, a theory of, 288 general laws of, 296 intelligence, supposed action of, 425 characteristics of man, 454
Animals, the struggle among, 18 wild, their enjoyment of life, 39 usually die painless deaths, 38 constitutional variation of, 94 uses of colours of, 134 supposed effects of disuse in wild, 415 most allied to man, 450
Antelopes, recognition marks of, 219
Anthrocera filipendula inedible, 235
Apples, variations of, 87
Arctic animals, supposed causes of white colour of, 191
Argyll, Duke of, on goose reared by a golden eagle, 75
Artemia salina and A. milhausenii, 426
Asclepias curassavica, spread of, 28
Asses running wild in Quito, 28
Attractive fruits, 306
Australia, spread of the Cape-weed in, 29 fossil and recent mammals of, 392
Azara, on cause of horses and cattle not running wild in Paraguay, 19
Azores, flora of, supports aerial transmission of seeds, 368
=B=
Baker, Mr. J.G., on rarity of spiny plants in Mauritius, 432
Ball, Mr., on cause of late appearance of exogens, 400
Barber, Mrs., on variable colouring of pupae of Papilio nireus, 197 on protective colours of African sun-birds, 200
Barbs, 91
Barriers, importance of, in questions of distribution, 341
Bates, Mr. H.W., on varieties of butterflies, 44 on inedibility of Heliconidae, 234 on a conspicuous caterpillar, 236 on mimicry, 240, 243, 249
Bathmism or growth-force, Cope on, 421
Beddard, Mr. F.E., variations of earthworms, 67 on plumes of bird of paradise, 292
Beech trees, aggressive in Denmark, 21
Beetle and wasp (figs.), 259
Beetle, fossil in coal measures of Silesia, 404
Beginnings of important organs, 128
Belt, Mr., on leaf-like locust, 203 on birds avoiding Heliconidae, 234
Belt's frog, 266
Birds, rate of increase of, 25 how destroyed, 26 variation among, 49 variation of markings of, 52 variation of wings and tails of, 53 diagram showing variation of tarsus and toes, 60 use of structural peculiarities of, 135 eggs, coloration of, 212 recognition marks of, 222 and butterflies, white in tropical islands, 230 sometimes seize inedible butterflies, 255 mimicry among, 263
Birds, sexual coloration of, 275 cause of dull colour of female, 277 choice of female not known to be determined by colour, etc., 285 decorative plumage of, 285 antics of unornamented, 287 which fertilise flowers, 319 colours of, not dependent on the colours of flowers, 336 no proof of aesthetic tastes in, 336 dispersal of, 355 and insects at sea, 357 of oceanic islands, 358 carrying seeds on their feet, 361 ancestral forms of, 407
Birthplace, probable, of man, 459
Bombyx regia, protective form of larva of, 210
Boyd Dawkins, on development of deer's horns, 389 on origin of man, 456
Brady, Mr. George, on protective colouring of starfishes, 209
Brain development, progressive, 390
Brains of man and apes, 452
Branner, Mr. J.C., on supposed proofs of glaciation in Brazil, 370
Brazil, supposed proof of glaciation in, 370
Brewer, Professor W.H., on want of symmetry in colours of animals, 217
Bromelia, animals inhabiting leaves of, 118
Bronn, Professor, on supposed uselessness of variations of ears and tails, 136
Butler, Mr. A.G., on inedibility of conspicuous caterpillars, 237
Butterflies, varieties of, 44 small, of Isle of Man, 106 special protective colouring of, 206 recognition by, 226 inedibility of some, 234 mimicry among, 240, 249 colour development of, 274 sexual coloration of, 271
=C=
Caddis-fly larvae inhabiting bromelia leaves, 118
Callophis, harmless mimicking poisonous species, 262
Candolle, Alp. de, on variation in oaks, 77 on variability of Papaver bracteatum, 79
Cardinalis virginianus, diagram showing proportionate numbers which vary, 65; variations of, 58
Carpenter, Dr. W.B., on variation in the Foraminifera, 43
Carriers, 91
Caterpillars, resemblance of, to their food plants, 203-205 inedible, 236
Cattle, how they prevent the growth of trees, 18 increase of, in St. Domingo, Mexico, and the pampas, 27
Ceylon, spread of Lantana mixta in, 29
Chaffinch, change of habit of, in New Zealand, 76
Chambers, Robert, on origin of species, 3
Chance rarely determines survival, 123
Change of conditions, utility of, 326
Characters, non-adaptive, 131 transferred from useless to useful class, 132
Charaxes psaphon persecuted by a bird, 235
Chile, numerous red tubular flowers in, 320
Chimpanzee, figure of, 454
Clark, Mr. Edwin, on cause of absence of forests on the pampas, 23 on the struggle for life in the South American valleys, 24
Cleistogamous flowers, 322
Close interbreeding, supposed evil results of, 326
Clover, white, spread of, in New Zealand, 28
Co-adaptation of parts by variation, no real difficulty, 418
Cobra, use of hood of, 262
Coccinella mimicked by grasshopper, (figure), 260
Collingwood, Mr., on butterflies recognising their kind, 226
Coloration, alluring, 210 of birds' eggs, 212 a theory of animal, 288
Colour correlated with sterility, 169 correlated with constitutional peculiarities, 170 in nature, the problem to be solved, 188 constancy, in animals indicates utility, 189 and environment, 190 general theories of animal, 193 animal, supposed causes of, 193 obscure, of many tropical animals, 194 produced by surrounding objects, 195 adaptations, local, 199 for recognition, 217 of wild animals not quite symmetrical, 217 (note) as influenced by locality or climate, 228 development in butterflies, 274 more variable than habits, 278 and nerve distribution, 290 and tegumentary appendages, 291 of flowers, 308 change of, in flowers when fertilised, 317 in nature, concluding remarks on, 299, 333 of fruits, 304 of flowers growing together contrasted, 318
Complexity of flowers due to alternate adaptation to insect and self-fertilisation, 328
Composite, a, widely dispersed without pappus, 367
Confinement, affecting fertility, 154
Continental and oceanic areas, 346
Continents and oceans cannot have changed places, 345 possible connections between, 349
Continuity does not prove identity of origin, 463
Cope, Dr. E.D., on non-adaptive characters, 131 on fundamental laws of growth, 420 on bathmism or growth-force, 421 on use producing structural change, 422 on law of centrifugal growth, 422 on origin of the feet of ungulates, 423 on action of animal intelligence, 425
Correlations in pigeons, horses, etc., 140
Corvus frugilegus, 2 corone, 2
Coursers, figures of secondary quills, 224
Cowslip, two forms of, 157
Crab, sexual diversity of colour of, 269
Cretaceous period, dicotyledons of, 400
Crisp, Dr., on variations of gall bladder and alimentary canal, 69
Crosses, a cause of variation, 99 reciprocal, 155
Cross-fertilisation, modes of securing, 310 difference in, 155
Crossing and changed conditions, parallelism of, 166
Cruciferae, variations of structure in, 80
Cuckoo, eggs of, 216
Cuckoos mimick hawks, 263
Cultivated plants, origin of useful, 97
Curculionidae mimicked by various insects (figs.), 260
Curves of variation, 64
=D=
Dana, Professor, on the permanence of continents, 342
Danaidae little attacked by mites, 235 mimicry of, 246
Darwin, change of opinion effected by, 8 the Newton of Natural History, 9 his view of his own work, 10 on the enemies of plants, 16 on fir-trees destroyed by cattle, 17 on change of plants and animals caused by planting, 18 on absence of wild cattle in Paraguay, 19 on cats and red clover, 20 on variety of plants in old turf, 35 on the beneficent action of the struggle for existence, 40 on variability of wild geraniums, 79 on variability of common species, 80 his non-recognition of extreme variability of wild species, 82 on races of domestic pigeon, 90 on constitutional variation in plants, 95 on unconscious selection, 96 on a case of divergence, 105 on advantage of diversification of structure in inhabitants of one region, 110 on species of plants in turf, 110 on isolation, 119 on origin of mammary glands, 129 on eyes of flatfish, 129 on origin of the eye, 130 on useless characters, 131 on use of ears and tails, 136 on disappearance of sports, 140 on tendency to vary in one direction, 141 on rare perpetuation of sports, 142 on utility of specific characters, 142 (note) on importance of biological environment, 148 on variable fertility of plants, 155 on fertile hybrids among plants, 164
Darwin, on correlation of sterility and colour, 169 on selective association, 172 on infertility and natural selection, 174 on cause of infertility of hybrids, 185 on white tail of rabbit, 218 on conspicuous caterpillars, 236 on sexual selection in insects, 274 on decorative plumage of male birds, 285 on development of ocelli, 290 on value of cross-fertilisation, 309 on limits to utility of intercrossing, 326 on flowers due to insects, 332 on oceanic islands, 342 on effects of disuse in domestic animals, 415, 435 on direct action of environment, 419 on unintelligibility of theory of retardation and acceleration, 421 (note) on origin of man's moral nature, 461 Mr. George, on intermarriages of British aristocracy, 326
Darwinian theory, statement of, 10 not opposed to spiritual nature of man, 478 Dawkins, Professor Boyd, on development of deer's horns, 389 on recent origin of man, 456 Dawson, Sir W., on determination of fossil plants by leaves, 398 (note)
Death of wild animals usually painless, 38
De Candolle, definition of species, 1 on difficulty of naturalising plants, 15 on war between plants, 16 on origin of useful cultivated plants, 97
Deer's horns, development of, 389
Degeneration, 121
Delboeuf's law of variation, 141
Dendraeca coronata, variation of wing-feathers of, 51
Denmark, struggle between trees in, 20
Denudation, evidences of, 379
Desert animals, colour of, 192
Deserts, effect of goats and camels in destroying vegetation in, 17
Development and display of accessory plumes, 293
Diadema anomala, 271 misippus, great diversity of sexes in, 271
Diaphora mendica mimics Spilosoma menthrasti, 249
Difficulties in the facts of fertilisation of flowers, 325
Dimorphism and trimorphism, 156
Dippers, probable origin of, 116
Disease and markings, 290
Diseases common to man and animals, 449
Display of decorative plumage, 287
Distribution of organisms should be explained by theory of descent, 338 conditions which have determined the, 341 of marsupials, 350 of tapirs, 352
Disuse, effects of, among wild animals, 415 no proof that the effects of, are inherited, 417
Divergence of character, 105-109 leads to maximum of forms of life in each area, 109
Diversity of fauna and flora with geographical proximity, 339
Dixon, Mr. C, changed habits of chaffinch in New Zealand, 76
Dogs, origin of, 88 varieties of, 89
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, diagram showing variations of, 55
Domestic animals, varieties of, 88
Draba verna, varieties of, 77
Dress of men not determined by female choice, 286
Dust from Krakatoa, size of particles of, 363
=E=
Eastern butterflies, variation of, 45
Eaton, Rev. A.E., on Kerguelen insects, 106
Edwards, Mr. W.H., on dark forms of Papilio turnus, 248
Eggs protectively coloured, 214, 215 theory of varied colours of, 216
Elaps mimicked by harmless snakes, 261
Embryonic development of man and other mammalia, 448
Ennis, Mr. John, on willows driving out watercresses from rivers of New Zealand, 24
Entomostraca, in bromelia leaves, 118
Environment never identical for two species, 149 direct action of, 418 direct influence of, 426 as initiator of variations, 436 action of, overpowered by natural selection, 437
Ethical aspect of the struggle for existence, 36
Euchelia jacobeae inedible, 235
Everett, Mr. A., on a caterpillar resembling moss, 205
Evidence of evolution that may be expected among fossil forms, 380
Evolutionists, American school of, 420
Exogens, possible cause of sudden late appearance of, 400
External differences of man and apes, 453
Extinct animals, number of species of, 376
Extinction of large animals, cause of, 394
Eye, origin of, 130
Eyes, explanation of loss of in cave animals, 416
=F=
Facts of natural selection, summary of, 122
Falcons illustrating divergence, 108 and butcher birds, hooked and toothed beaks of, 422
Fantails, 91
Female birds, why often dull coloured, 277
Female birds, what their choice of mates is determined by, 286 butterflies, why dull coloured, 272 brighter than male bird, 281 choice a doubtful agent in selection, 283 preference neutralised by natural selection, 294
Fertility of domestic animals, 154
Flatfish, eyes of, 129
Flesh-fly, enormous increase of, 25
Floral structure, great differences of, in allied genera and species, 329
Flowers, variations of, 88 colours of, 308 with sham nectaries, 317 changing colour when fertilised, 317 adapted to bees or to butterflies, 318 contrasted colours of, at same season and locality, 318 fertilisation of, by birds, 319 self-fertilisation of, 321 once insect-fertilised now self-fertile, 323 how the struggle for existence acts among, 328 repeatedly modified during whole Tertiary period, 331 the product of insect agency, 332
Forbes, Mr. H.O., on protective colour of a pigeon, 200 on spider imitating birds' dropping, 211
Fossil shells, complete series of transitional forms of, 381 crocodiles afford evidence of evolution, 383 horses in America, 386 and living animals, local relations of, 391
Fowl, early domestication of, 97
Frill-back, Indian, 93
Frog inhabiting bromelia leaves, 118
Fruits, use of characters of, 133 colours of, 304 edible or attractive, 306 poisonous, 307
Fulica atra, protectively coloured eggs of, 215
Fulmar petrel, abundance of, 30
=G=
Gallinaceae, ornamental plumes of, 292
Galton, Mr. F., diagrams of variability used by, 74 on markings of zebra, 220 (note) on regression towards mediocrity, 414 theory of heredity by, 443 (note) on imperfect counting of the Damaras, 464
Gaudry on extinct animals at Pikermi, 377
Gay, Mons. T., on variations of structure in Cruciferae, 80
Gazella soemmerringi (figure), 219
Gazelles, recognition marks of, 218
Geddes, Professor, on variation in plants, 428 objection to theory of, 430
Geikie, Dr. Archibald, on formation of marine stratified rocks, 344
Geoffroy St. Hilaire, on species, 6
Geological evidences of evolution, 376, 381 record, causes of imperfection of, 379 distribution of insects, 403 antiquity of man, 455
Ghost-moth, colours of, 270
Glaciation, no proofs of, in Brazil, 370
Glow-worm, light a warning of inedibility, 287
Gomphia oleaefolia, variability of, 79
Goose eating flesh, 75
Gosse, Mr. P.H., on variation in the sea-anemones, 43 on sea-anemone and bullhead, 265
Gould, Mr., on colours of coast and inland birds, 228
Grant Allen, on forms of leaves, 133 on insects and flowers, 332
Graphite in Laurentian implies abundant plant life, 398
Gray, Dr. Asa, on naturalised plants in the United States, 110 Dr. J.E., on variation of skulls of mammalia, 71
Great fertility not essential to rapid increase, 30
Great powers of increase of animals, 27
Green colour of birds in tropical forests, 192
Grouse, red, recent divergence of, 106
Gulick, Rev. J.T., on variation of land-shells, 43 on isolation and variation, 147, 150 on divergent evolution, 148
=H=
Habits of animals, variability of, 74
Hairy caterpillars inedible, 237
Hanbury, Mr. Thomas, on a remarkable case of wind conveyance of seed, 373 (note)
Hansten-Blangsted, on succession of trees in Denmark, 21
Harvest mice, prehensile tails of young, 136
Hawkweed, species and varieties of British, 77
Hector, Sir James, use of horns of deer, 137
Heliconidae, warning colours of, 234 mimicry of, 240
Helix nemoralis, varieties of, 43 hortensis, varieties of, 43
Hemsley, Mr., on rarity of spines in oceanic islands, 432
Henslow, Professor G., on vigour of self-fertilised plants, 323 on wind-fertilised as degradations from insect-fertilised flowers, 324 on origin of forms and structures of flowers, 434 (note)
Herbert, Dean, on species, 6 on plant hybrids, 164
Herbivora, recognition marks of, 218
Heredity, 11 Weismann's theory of, 437
Herschel, Sir John, on species, 3
Hooker, Sir Joseph, on attempts at naturalising Australian plants in New Zealand, 16
Home, Mr. C, on inedibility of an Indian locust, 267
Horns of deer, uses of, 136
Horse tribe, pedigree of, 384 ancestral forms of, 386
Humming-birds, recognition marks of, 226
Huth, Mr., on close interbreeding, 160
Huxley, Professor on the struggle for existence, 37 on fossil crocodiles, 383 on anatomical peculiarities of the horse tribe, 384 on development of vertebrates, 448 on early man, 456 on brains of man and the gorilla, 457
Hybridity, remarks on facts of, 166 summary on, 184
Hybrids, infertility of, supposed test of distinct species, 152 fertility of, 159 fertile among animals, 162 between sheep and goat, 162 fertile between distinct species of moths, 163 fertile among plants, 163
Hymenopus bicornis, resembling flower, 212
=I=
Icterus Baltimore, diagram showing proportionate numbers which vary, 63
Imitative resemblances, how produced, 205
Increase of organisms in a geometrical ratio, 25
Inedible fruits rarely coloured, 308
Insect and self-fertilisation, alternation of, in flowers, 328
Insect-fertilisation, facts relating to, 316
Insects, coloured for recognition, 226 warning colours of, 233 sexual coloration of, 269 importance of dull colours to female, 272 visiting one kind of flower at a time, 318 and flowers, the most brilliant not found together, 335
Insects, no proof of love of colour by, 336 and birds at sea, 357 in mid-ocean, 359 at great altitudes, 360 geological distribution of, 403 ancestral in Silurian, 405 fossil support evolution, 405
Instability of useless characters, 138
Instinct, the theory of, 441
Insular organisms illustrate powers of dispersal, 354
Interbreeding, close, injurious effects of, 160 supposed evil results of close, 326
Intercrossing, swamping effects of, 142 not necessarily useful, 325
Intermediate forms, why not found, 380
Islands, all oceanic are volcanic or coralline, 342
Isle of Man, small butterflies of, 106
Isolation, the importance of, 119 to prevent intercrossing, 144 by variations of habits, etc., 145 Rev. J.G. Gulick on, 147 when ineffective, 150
Ituna Ilione and Thyridia megisto, figures of wings of, 251
=J=
Jacobin, 93
Jenyns, Rev. L., on internal variations of mammalia, 69
Jordan, Mons. A., on varieties of Draba verna, 77
Judd, Professor, on dust fallen at Genoa, 363 on Hungarian fossil lacustrine shells, 381
=K=
Kerguelen Island, wingless insects of, 106
Kerivoula picta, protective colour of, 201
Kerner, Professor, on use of external characters of plants, 133 on seeds found on glaciers, 366
Kingfishers illustrating divergence of character, 109
=L=
Lacerta muralis, diagram of variation of, 47
Lagopus scoticus, origin of, 107
Lamarck, on origin of species, 3
Land debris deposited near coasts, 343 and ocean, diagram showing comparative height and depth of, 345
Large animals, cause of extinction of, 394
Larvae of moths, variability of, 46
Laughers, Frill-backs, Nuns, Spots, and Swallows, 93
Law of relation of colour and nest, 278, 279
Laws of animal coloration, 296
Lawson Tait, on uses of tails, 136
Leaf-butterflies, 207
Leguminosae, rare in oceanic islands, 368
Lemuria, an unsound hypothesis, 354
Lepidoptera, variation of, 44
Leyden Museum, diagram showing variability of birds in, 61
Life, Weismann on duration of, 437 (note)
Limenitis misippus mimics Danais archippus, 248 ursula mimics Papilio philenor, 248
Linnaeus, on rapid increase of the flesh-fly, 25
Livingstone, his sensations when seized by a lion, 38
Lizards, variation among, 46 diagram of variation of, 48 sexual colours of, 281
Local colour adaptations, 199
Locusts with warning colours inedible, 267
Longicorns mimic Malacoderms, 257
Low, Mr., on effects of close interbreeding, 160
Low, Mr., on fertile crosses between sheep and goat, 162 on selective association, 172
Low forms of life, continued existence of, explained, 114 forms, persistence of, 121 temperature of tropics not needed to explain plant dispersal, 370
Lower types, extinction of, among the higher animals, 114
Lubbock, Sir John, on forms of leaves, 133 on imperfect counting of early man, 464
Lyell, Sir Charles, on variation of species, 4 on the shifting of continents, 342
=M=
Madagascar and New Zealand, 347
Madeira, wingless beetles of, 105
Maize, origin of, 98
Male rivalry, a real cause of selection, 283
Males of many animals fights together, 282
Malm, on eyes of flatfish, 129
Mammalia, variation of, 65 sexual colours of, 281, 282 afford crucial tests of theories of distribution, 353 early forms of, 407 geological distribution of, 408
Mammary glands, supposed origin of, 129
Man, summary of animal characteristics of, 454 geological antiquity of, 455 early remains of, in California, 456 probably as old as the Miocene, 457 probable birthplace of, 459 origin of moral and intellectual nature of, 461 possesses mental qualities not derived exclusively from his animal progenitors, 474
Man's body that of an animal, 444 development similar to that of animals, 449 structure compared with that of the anthropoid apes, 451
Mania typica refused by lizards, 238
Mantidae resembling flowers, 212
Marcgravia nepenthoides fertilised by birds (woodcut), 320
Marine animals, protective resemblance among, 208 with warning colours, 266
Marsh, Mr., on destructiveness to vegetation of goats and camels, 17 Professor O., on the development of the horse tribe, 386 on brain development of Tertiary mammals, 391 on specialised forms dying out, 395
Marsupials, distribution of, 350
Mathematical faculty, the origin of the, 464 how developed, 466 not developed by law of natural selection, 469
Mathematics, late development of, 465
Meldola, Professor R., on variable protective colouring, 196 on mimicry among British moths, 249 (note) on an extension of the theory of mimicry, 255 (note)
Melons, variations of, 87
Methona psidii and Leptalis orise (figs.), 241
Meyer, Dr. A.B., on mimicry of snakes, 262
Milne Edwards, on variation of lizards, 46
Mimicking birds deceive naturalists, 264 butterfly, figure of, 241
Mimicry, 239 how it has been produced, 242 among protected genera, 249 extension of, 255 in various orders of insects, 257 among vertebrata, 261 among birds, 263 objections to theory of, 264
Mineral particles carried by wind, 363
Miocene fossils of North America, 378
Missing links, character of, 380
Mivart, Dr. St. George, on variation of ribs and dorsal vertebrae, 69 on supposed useless characters, 138 (note) on resemblance of man and apes, 451
Modifications for special purposes, 113
Mongrels, sterility of, 165
Monkeys affected by medicines as are men, 450
Monocotyledons degradations from dicotyledons, 325 (note) scarcity of, in Rocky Mountains, 401 scarcity of, in Alpine flora, 401
Moral nature of man, origin of, 461
Morse, Professor E.T., on protective colouring of marine mollusca, 209
Moseley, Professor, on protective resemblance among marine animals, 208 on courtship of Great Albatross, 287
Moths, protected groups of, 235
Mountains, remote, with identical plants, 369
Müller, Dr. Fritz, on inhabitants of bromelia leaves, 118 on butterfly, deceived by its mimic, 245 his explanation of mimicry among protected genera, 252 Dr. Hermann, on variability of Myosurus minimus, 78
Murray, Mr. John, on bulk of land and ocean, 344 on quartz particles on ocean floor, 363 Rev. R.P., variation in the neuration of butterflies' wings, 45
Musical and artistic faculties, origin of, 467
Myosurns minimus, variability of, 78
=N=
Natural selection with changed and unchanged conditions, 103 and sterility, 173 overpowers effects of use and disuse, 435 the most important agency in modifying species, 444
Naturalist deceived by a mimicking insect, 259 by mimicking birds, 264
Naudin, M., on varieties of melons, 87
Nectarinea amethystina, protective colouring of, 201
Nestor notabilis, variation of habits of, 75
Nests of birds influence the colour of females, 278
New species, conditions favourable to origin of, 115
Newton, Professor A., on fertile hybrid ducks, 162
New Zealand, European plants in, 15 spread of white clover in, 28 effects of introduced plants in, 29 native rat and fly exterminated by European species, 34 many plants of, incapable of self-fertilisation, 321 fauna of, 348 few spiny plants in, 433
Nocturnal animals, colours of, 193
Non-adaptive characters, instability of, 138
Normandy pigs, fleshy appendages to jaws of, 139
North America, Miocene fossils of, 378
Northern plants in southern hemisphere, 368
Nostus Borbonicus, variability of, 80
Number of individuals which vary, 62
Nutmeg, how dispersed, 307
Nuts, not meant to be eaten, 305
=O=
Oaks, great variability of, 78
Objections to Darwin's theory, 126
Ocean floor, deposits on, 343
Oceanic animals, colours of, 193 and continental areas, 346 islands have no mammals or batrachia, 342
Oceans, the permanence of, 341
Oedicnemus, figures of wings of, 223
Opthalmis lincea and Artaxa simulans (figs.), 247
Orang-utans, variations of skull of, 69
Orchideae, why scarce on oceanic islands, 367
Orchis pyramidalis, mode of fertilisation of, 314 figures illustrating fertilisation of, 315
Organic development, three stages of, involving new cause or power, 474 world, the development of, implies a spiritual world, 476
Organisation, advance of, by natural selection, 120 degradation in, 121
Origin of species, objections, 7 of accessory plumes, 291
Orioles mimicking honey-suckers, 263
Ornamental plumes and vitality, 293
=P=
Pachyrhynchi subjects of mimicry, 261
Pampas, effects of drought in, 23
Papaver bracteatum, variability of, 79
Papilio, use of forked tentacle of larva of, 210 protected groups of, 235 mimicry of, 247
Paraguay, absence of wild cattle and horses, 19
Parnassia palustris, sham nectaries of, 317
Parrot, change of habits of New Zealand, 75
Parus, species of, illustrate divergence, of character, 107
Passenger-pigeon, account of its breeding-places and numbers, 31
Pelagic animals, colours of, 193
Phasmidae, resemblance of, to sticks and leaves, 203
Physiological selection, 180
Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. O., on sexual selection, 296 (note)
Pieridae, sexual diversity among, 271
Pigeons, varieties of, 89 domestic, derived from wild rock-pigeons, 90 curious correlations in, 140 white eggs of, protective, 213
Pigs, great increase of, in South America and New Zealand, 28
Pikermi, extinct animals of, 377
Pipits as illustrating divergence, 108
Planorbidae, variations of, 44
Plants, the enemies of, 16 variability of, 76 constitutional variation of, 94 colour relations of, 302 true mimicry rare in, 303 exotic rarely naturalised in Europe, 356 dispersal of, 361 northern, in southern hemisphere, 368 identical on summits of remote mountains, 369 progressive development of, 397 geological development of (diagram), 402
Plovers, recognition marks of (figure), 221
Plumes, origin of accessory, 291 muscular relation of ornamental, 292
Poisonous fruits, 307
Porto Santo, rabbits of, 326
Poulton, Mr. E.B., on variable colours of larvae and pupae, 196, 198 on concealments of insects by resemblance to environment, 202 on protective form of Notodonta ziczac, 210 on inedibility of conspicuous larvae, 237
Pouters, 90
Primulaceae, variations of structure in, 79
Problem, the, before Darwin, 6
Problems in variation and heredity, 410
Progression in plants and animals, 395
Protection by terrifying enemies, 209
Protective colouring, variable, 195 of white-headed fruit-pigeon, 200 of African sun-birds, 200 of Kerivoula picta, 201 of sloths, 201 of larva of Sphinx ligustri, 202 of stick and leaf insects, 203 of caterpillars, 203, 205 of butterflies, 206
Ptilopus cinctus, protective colour of, 200
Pugnacity of birds with accessory plumes, 294
=R=
Rabbit, use of white tail of, 218
Rapid increase of plants, 28
Raspail, M., on variability in a grass, 80
Rat, black, spread of, 34
Rattlesnake, use of rattle of, 262
Raven, why black in arctic regions, 191
Reciprocal crosses, 155
Recognition marks of herbivora, 218 of birds, 222 of tropical forest birds, 224 of insects, 226
Reproductive functions, susceptibility of, 153
Reptiles, geological distribution of, 406
Rhinoceroses, evidence of evolution afforded by fossil, 383
Rocks, all stratified formed in shallow water, 344
Rocky Mountains, scarcity of monocotyledons in, 401
Rodents, prevent woody vegetation in the pampas, 23
Romanes, Professor G.J., on useless characters, 131, 139 on meaningless peculiarities of structure, 140 on supposed absence of simultaneous variations, 142 on physiological selection, 180
Rook and crow, 2
Roses, Mr. Baker on varieties of, 77
Rubus, Bentham and Babington on species and varieties of, 77
Rudiments and variations in man, 446
Runts, 91
Rutaceae, variation of structure in, 79
=S=
St. Helena, destruction of forests by goats, 17
St. Hilaire, M. Aug., variability of Gomphia oleaefolia, 79
Saxicola, divergence of character in species of, 108 recognition marks of, 222
Scientific opinion before Darwin, 4
Scolopax, figures of tails of, 225
Scudder, Mr. S.H., on inedibility of Danais archippus, 238 on fossil insects, 403
Seebohm, Mr., on swamping effects of intercrossing, 143
Seeds, how dispersed, 306 how protected, 307 floating great distances, 361 dispersal of, by wind, 362 weight and dimensions of, 364 importance of wind-carriage of, 372 remarkable case of wind-carriage of, 373
Seiurus carolinensis, diagram of variation, 67 sp., habits of, 117
Selection, artificial, 84 by man, circumstances favourable to, 96 unconscious, 96
Selective association, isolation by, 171
Self-fertilisation of flowers, 321
Semper, Professor, on casting hairs of reptiles and Crustacea, 137 (note) on direct influence of environment, 426
Sesiidae, mimicry by, 240
Sex colour and nests of birds, 277
Sex, colours characteristic of, 269
Sexual colours of insects, probable causes of, 273 of birds, 275 characters due to natural selection, 283 diversity the cause of variation, 439
Sexual selection and colour, 274 by struggles of males, 282 neutralised by natural selection, 294-296 restricted to male struggles, 296
Shetland Islands, variety of ghost-moth in, 270
Shrews and field-mice, internal variations of, 69
Shrikes, recognition marks of, 222
Similarity of forms of life not due to similarity of conditions, 339
Singing of male birds, use of, 284
Skull of wolf, diagram of variations of, 70 of Ursus labiatus, diagram of variations of, 72 of Sus cristatus, diagram of variations of, 73
Skunk an illustration of warning colour, 233
Slack, Baron von, on protective markings of sloths, 201
Sloth, protective colour and marking of, 201
Snakes, mimicry of poisonous, 261
Snipe, tails of two species (figs.), 225
Sounds and odours peculiar to male, how useful, 284 produced by peculiar feathers, 284
South America, fossil and recent mammals of, 393
Species, definition of, 1, 2 origin of, 2, 6 Lyell on, 4 Agassiz on, 5 transmutation of, 6 Geoffroy St. Hilaire on, 6 Dean Herbert on, 6 Professor Grant on, 6 Von Buch on, 6 allied, found in distinct areas, 36
Species, which vary little, 80 closely allied inhabit distinct areas, 111 vigour and fertility of, how kept up, 327
Spencer, Mr. Herbert, on factors of organic evolution, 411 on effects of disuse, 413 on difficulty as to co-adaptation of parts, 417 on direct action of environment, 418
Sphingidae, protective attitudes of larvae, 210
Sphinx ligustri, general resemblance of larva to food plant, 202
Spider, alluring coloration of, 211
Spines, on origin of, 431 rarity of, in oceanic islands, 432
Spiny plants abundant in South Africa and Chile, 433
Spots a primitive ornamentation of animals, 289
Sprengel on flowers and insects, 309
Staphylinidae, protective habit of, 210
Sterility of mongrels, 165 correlated with colour, etc., 168 and natural selection, 173 of hybrids produced by natural selection, 179
Struggle for existence, 14 among plants, 15 for life, illustrations of, 18 for existence on the pampas, 22 for life between closely allied forms most severe, 33 for existence, ethics of, 36 how it acts among flowers, 328
Summary of facts of colouring for protection and recognition, 227
Survival of the fittest, 11, 122, 123
Swainson, definition of species, 2
Swamping effects of intercrossing, 142
Sweden, destruction of grass by larvae of moths in, 17
Swinhoe, Mr., on protective colouring of a bat, 201
Symmetry, bilateral in colours of animals needful for recognition, 217
=T=
Tails used as respirators, 136
Tapirs, distribution of, 352
Tegetmeier, Mr., on feeding habits of pigeons and fowls, 75 on sparrows and crocuses, 75 on curious correlations in pigeons, 140
Tegumentary appendages and colour, 291
Thousand-fathom line divides oceanic from continental islands, 347 the teachings of, 348 map showing, 349
Thwaites, Mr., on spread of Lantana mixta in Ceylon, 30
Tiger, use of stripes of, 199
Titmice as illustrating divergence, 107
Transformation of species of crustacea, 427
Transmutationists, the early, 3
Travers, Mr. W.L., on effects of introduced plants in New Zealand, 29
Trees, great variety of, in many forests, 36
Trimen, Mr., on butterfly deceived by its mimic, 245 on mimicry, 247
Tropical animals, why brilliantly coloured, 299
Tropics, no proof of lower temperature of, 369
Tropidorhynchi mimicked by orioles, 263
Trumpeter, 93
Tumblers, 91
Turbits and owls, 91
Tylor, Mr. A., on _Coloration in Animals and Plants_, 285
=U=
Ungulates, origin of feet of, 423
Use and disuse, effects of, overpowered by natural selection, 435
Useless characters, 131 not specific, 132
Useless specific characters, no proof of existence of, 141
Utriculariae inhabiting bromelias, 118
=V=
Vanessa callirhoe, small variety in Porto Santo, 106
Variability of the lower animals, 42 of the Foraminifera, 43 of sea-anemones, 43 of land mollusca, 43 of insects, 44 of lizards, 46 of birds, 49 of primary wing-feathers, 51 of wings and tail, 53 of Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 55 of Agelaeus phoeniceus, 56 of Cardinalis virginianus, 58 of tarsus and toes, 60 of birds in Leyden Museum, 61 of Sciurus carolinensis, 67 of skulls of wolf, 70 of skulls of a bear, 72 of skulls of Sus cristatus, 73 of plants, 76 of oaks, 77
Variation, Lyell on, 4 in internal organs, 66 the facts of, 83 proofs of generality of, 85 of vegetables and fruits, 86 of apples and melons, 87 under domestication accords with that under nature, 100 coincident not necessary, 127 and heredity, problems of, 410 Professor Geddes's theory of, 428 the cause of, 439
Variations of flowers, 88 of domestic animals, 88 of domestic pigeons, 89 conditions favourable to production of, 98 beneficial, 143
Varieties, importance of, 41 of same species adapted to self or to insect-fertilisation, 330
Vegetables, variation of, 86
Vegetation and reproduction, antagonism of, 428
Vertebrata, mimicry among, 261 geological succession of, 405
_Vestiges of Creation_, 3
Viola odorata, 2 canina, 2
Violets, as illustrating species, 2
Von Buch on species, 6
=W=
Wallace, Dr. Alexander, on absence of choice by female moths, 275
Ward, Mr. Lester F., on progressive development of plants, 398
Warning coloration, 232
Warning colours of marine animals, 265
Wasps and bees, mimicry of, 258 poisonous with warning colours, 287
Water-cress, chokes rivers in New Zealand, 24 driven out by willows, 24
Water-ouzels, probable origin of, 116
Weale, Mr. Mansel, on protective colours of butterflies, 206
Weeds of United States, 15
Weir, Mr. Jenner, on deceptive resemblance of a caterpillar to a twig, 204 on inedibility of conspicuous caterpillars, 236 on birds disregarding inedible larvae, 254
Weismann on progressive adaptation of colours of larva, 206 on non-heredity of acquired characters, 440 and Galton's theories of heredity almost identical, 443 (note) on origin of the mathematical faculty, 472 (note)
Weismann's theory of heredity, 437
Westwood, Professor, on variation of insects, 44 deceived by a mimicking cricket, 259
White coloration of insular birds and butterflies, 230
Whymper, Mr., his sensations when falling on the Matterhorn, 38
Willows, species and varieties of British, 77
Wilson, Alexander, his account of the passenger-pigeon in North America, 31
Wind-carriage of seeds explains many facts of plant distribution, 371
Wind-dispersal of seeds, objections to, 365
Wind-fertilised degraded from insect-fertilised flowers, 324
Wings of stone-curlews (figure), 223 why small but useless are retained, 416
Wit and humour, origin of faculties of, 472
Wollaston, Mr. T.W., on variation of beetles, 44 on small butterfly in Porto Santo, 106
Wolves, varieties of in Catskill Mountains, 105
Wood, Mr. J., on muscular variations, 447
Mr. T.W., on variable colouring of pupae of cabbage butterflies, 197
Woodward, Dr. S.P., on variation of mollusca, 43
=Y=
Youatt, on breeds of sheep, 97
Young animals often spotted, 289
=Z=
Zebra, markings for recognition and protection, 220 (note)
