[Footnote 1: Thesis published in 1902. Translator, M. D. Eder, M.D.]
[Footnote 2: _Arch. f. Psych._, XXXIII. p. 928.]
[Footnote 3: Richer, "Études cliniques sur l'hystéro-épilepsie," p. 483.]
[Footnote 4: _Idem_, _l.c._, p. 487; cp. also Erler, _Allg. Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie_, XXXV. p. 28; also Culerre, _Allg. Zeit. f. Psych._, XLVI., Litteraturbericht 356.]
[Footnote 5: Charcot and Guinon, "Progrès méd.," 1891.]
[Footnote 6: "Somnambulism must be conceived as systematised partial waking, in which a limited, connected presentation-complex takes place. Contrary presentations do not occur, at the same time the mental activity is carried on with increased energy within the limited sphere of the waking" (Lowenfeld, "Hypnotism," 1901, p. 289).]
[Footnote 7: Azam, "Hypnotisme--Double conscience," etc., Paris, 1887. For similar cases, cf. Forbes Winslow, "On Obscure Diseases," p. 335.]
[Footnote 8: _Trib. méd._, March, 1890.]
[Footnote 9: _Annal. méd. psychol._, Jan., Feb., 1892.]
[Footnote 10: "Principles of Psychology," p. 391.]
[Footnote 11: Mesnet, "De l'automatisme de la mémoire et du souvenir dans le somnambulisme pathologique." Union médicale, Juillet, 1874. Cf. Binet, "Les Altérations de la personnalité," p. 37. Cf. also Mesnet, "Somnambulisme spontané dans ses rapports avec l'hystérie," _Arch. de Neurol._, Nr. 69, 1892.]
[Footnote 12: _Arch. de Neur._, Mai, 1891.]
[Footnote 13: "Philosophy of Sleep," 1830. Cf. Binet, "Les Altérations," etc.]
[Footnote 14: Goethe: _Zur Naturwissenschaft in Allgemeinen_. "I was able, when I closed my eyes and bent my head, to conjure the imaginary picture of a flower. This flower did not retain its first shape for a single instant, but unfolded out of itself new flowers composed of coloured petals and green leaves. They were not natural flowers, but phantastic ones. They were as regular in shape as a sculptor's rosettes. It was impossible to fix the creation which sprang up, nevertheless the dream-image lasted as long as I desired it to last; it neither faded nor grew stronger."]
[Footnote 15: C. Westphal, "Die Agoraphobie," _Arch. f. Psych._, III. p. 158.]
[Footnote 16: Pick, _Arch. f. Psych._, XV. p. 202.]
[Footnote 17: _Allgem. Zeitschr. f. Psych._, XXI. p. 78.]
[Footnote 18: "Neurasthenische Krisen," _Münch. Med. Wochenschr._, März, 1902, "When the patients first describe their crises they generally give a picture that makes us think of epileptic depression. I have often been deceived in this way."]
[Footnote 19: Mörchen, "Ueber Dämmerzustände," Marburg, 1901, Fall. 32, p. 75.]
[Footnote 20: It must be noted that a frequent guest in S. W.'s home was a gentleman who spoke high German.]
[Footnote 21: Ivenes is the mystical name of the medium's somnambulic self.]
[Footnote 22: "The Major Symptoms of Hysteria." New York: The Macmillan Company.]
[Footnote 23: See page 17.]
[Footnote 24: Binet, "Les altérations de la personnalité."]
[Footnote 25: Richet, _Rev. Phil._, 1884, II. p. 650.]
[Footnote 26: Binet, "Les altérations de la personnalité," p. 139.]
[Footnote 27: Complete references in Binet, "Les altérations," p. 197, footnote.]
[Footnote 28: As is known, during the waking-state the hands and arms are never quite still, but are constantly subjected to fine tremors. Preyer, Lehmann, and others have proved that these movements are influenced in a high degree by the predominant presentations. Preyer shows that the outstretched hand drew small, more or less faithful, copies of figures which were vividly presented. These purposeful tremors can be demonstrated in a very simple way by experiments with the pendulum.]
[Footnote 29: Cf. Preyer, "Die Erklärung des Gedankenlesens," Leipzig, 1886.]
[Footnote 30: Analogous to certain hypnotic experiments in the waking state. Cf. Janet's experiment when by a whispered suggestion he induced a patient to lie flat on the ground without being aware of it ("L'Automatisme").]
[Footnote 31: Charcot's scheme of word-picture combination: 1, Auditory image. 2, Visual image. 3, Motor image., Speech image., Writing image. In Gilbert Ballet, "Die innerliche Sprache," Leipzig and Wien, 1890.]
[Footnote 32: Bain says, "Thought is a suppressed word or a suppressed act" ("The Senses and the Intellect").]
[Footnote 33: _Proceedings of S.P.R._, 1885. "Automatic writing."]
[Footnote 34: Pierre Janet, "L'Automatisme Psychologique," p. 317, Paris, 1889.]
[Footnote 35: "Les Altérations," p. 132.]
[Footnote 36: "Une fois baptisé, le personnage inconscient est plus déterminé et plus net, il montre mieux ses caractères psychologiques" (Janet, "L'Automatisme," p. 318).]
[Footnote 37: Cf. the corresponding experiments of Binet and Féré. See Binet, "Les Altérations."]
[Footnote 38: Cf. Corresponding tests by Flournoy: "Des Indes à la planète Mara. Etude sur un cas de somnambulisme avec glossolalie." Paris and Genève, 1900.]
[Footnote 39: Cf. Hagen, "Zur Theorie des Hallucinationen," _Allg. Zeitschrift f. Psych._, XXV. 10.]
[Footnote 40: Binet, "Les Altérations," p. 157.]
[Footnote 41: "Die Traumdeutung," 1900. ["The Interpretation of Dreams," translated by Dr. A. A. Brill. London: Allen & Unwin, 1918.]]
[Footnote 42: Flournoy, _l.c._, p. 55.]
[Footnote 43: Schüle, "Handbuch," p. 134.]
[Footnote 44: J. Müller, quoted _Allg. Zeit. f. Psych._, XXV. 41.]
[Footnote 45: Spinoza hypnopompically saw a "_nigrum et scabiosum Brasilianum_."--J. Müller, _l.c._
In Goethe's "The Elective Affinities," at times in the half darkness Ottilie saw the figure of Edward in a dimly-lit spot. Compare also Cardanus, "imagines videbam ab imo lecti, quasi e parvulis annulis arcisque constantes, arborum, belluarum, hominum, oppidorum, instructarum acierum, bellicorum et musicorum instrumentorum aliorumque huius generis adscendentes, vicissimque descendentes, aliis atque aliis succedentibus" (Hieronymus Cardanus, "De subtilitate rerum").]
[Footnote 46: "Le sommeil et les rêves," p. 134.]
[Footnote 47: G. Trumbull Ladd, "Contribution to the Psychology of Visual Dreams," _Mind_, April, 1892.]
[Footnote 48: Hecker says of the same condition, "There is a simple elemental vision, even without sense presentation, through over-excitation of mental activity, not leading to phantastic imagery, that is the vision of light free from form, a manifestation of the visual organs stimulated from within" ("Ueber Visionen," Berlin, 1848).]
[Footnote 49: Jules Quicherat, "Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle," etc.]
[Footnote 50: Hagen, _l.c._, p. 57.]
[Footnote 51: Goethe, "Benvenuto Cellini."]
[Footnote 52: Flournoy, _l.c._, p. 32 ff.]
[Footnote 53: Flournoy, _l.c._, p. 51.]
[Footnote 54: _Allg. Zeit. f. Psych._, IV. 139.]
[Footnote 55: _Ibid._, VI. 285.]
[Footnote 56: Coll. Physicians of Philadelphia, April 4, 1888. Also _Harper's Magazine_, 1869. Abstracted in extenso in William James's "Principles of Psychology," 1891, p. 391 ff.]
[Footnote 57: Cf. Emminghaus, "Allg. Psychopathologie," p. 129, Ogier Ward's case.]
[Footnote 58: Schroeder von der Kalk, "Pathologie und Therapie der Geisteskrankheiten," p. 31: Braunschweig, 1863. Quoted in _Allg. Zeit. f. Psych._, XXII., p. 405.]
[Footnote 59: Cf. Donath, "Ueber Suggestibilität," Wiener mediz. Presse, 1832, No. 31. Quoted _Arch. f. Psych._, XXXII., p. 335.]
[Footnote 60: Hoefelt. _Allg. Zeit. f. Psych._, XLIX., p. 200.]
[Footnote 61: Azam, "Hypnotisme, Double Conscience," etc.]
[Footnote 62: Bourru et Burot, "Changements de Personnnalité," 1888.]
[Footnote 63: Moll, "Zeit. f. Hypn.," I., 306.]
[Footnote 64: Rieger, "Der Hypnotismus," 1884, p. 190 ff.]
[Footnote 65: Morton Prince, "An Experimental Study of Visions," Brain, 1898.]
[Footnote 66: Quoted by Ribot, "Die Persönlichkeit."]
[Footnote 67: _Ibid._, p. 69.]
[Footnote 68: Flournoy, _l.c._, p. 59.]
[Footnote 69: "Les rêves somnambuliques, sortes de romans de l'imagination subliminale, analogues à ces histoires continues, que tant de gens se racontent à eux-mêmes et dont ils sont généralement les héros dans leurs moments de far niente ou d'occupations routinières qui n'offrent qu'un faible obstacle aux rêveries intérieures. Constructions fantaisistes, millefois reprises et poursuivies, rarement achevées, où la folle du logis se donne libre carrière et prend sa revanche du terne et plat terre à terre des réalités quotidiennes." (Flournoy, _l.c._, p. 8).]
[Footnote 70: Delbruck, "Die Pathologische Lüge."]
[Footnote 71: Forel, "Hypnotisme."]
[Footnote 72: Pick, "Ueber Path. Träumerei und ihre Beziehung zur Hysterie," _Jahr. f. Psych. und Neur._, XIV., p. 280.]
[Footnote 73: Bohn, "Ein Fall von doppelten Bewusstsein Diss." Breslau, 1898.]
[Footnote 74: Görres, _l.c._]
[Footnote 75: Cf. Behr, _Allg. Zeit. f. Psych._, LVI., 918, and Ballet, _l.c._, p. 44.]
[Footnote 76: Cf. _Redlich, Allg. Zeit. f. Psych._, LVII., 66.]
[Footnote 77: Erler, _Allg. Zeit. f. Psych._, XXXV., 21.]
[Footnote 78: Binet, "Les hystériques ne sont pas pour nous que des sujets d'élection agrandissant des phénomènes qu'on doit nécessairement retrouver à quelque degré chez une foule d'autres personnes qui ne sont ni atteintes ni même effleurées par la nêvrose hystérique". ("Les altérations," p. 29)]
[Footnote 79: Delbrück, _l.c._, and Redlich, _l.c._ Cf. the development of delusions in epileptic stupor mentioned by Mörchen, "Essay on Stupor," pp. 51 and 59, 1901.]
[Footnote 80: Cf. Flournoy's very interesting supposition as to the origin of the Hindu _cycle_ of H.S.: "Je ne serais pas étonné que la remarque de Martes sur la beauté des femmes du Kanara ait été le clou, l'atome crochu, qui a piqué l'attention subliminale et l'a très naturellement rivée sur cette unique passage avec les deux ou trois lignes consécutives, à l'exclusion de tout le contexte environnant beaucoup moins intérressant" (_L.c._, p. 285).]
[Footnote 81: Janet says, "From forgetfulness there arises frequently, even if not invariably, the so-called lying of hysteria. The same explanation holds good of a hysteric's whims, changes of mood, ingratitude--in a word, of his inconstancy. The link between the past and present, which gives to the whole personality its seriousness and poise, depends to a large extent upon memory" ("Mental States," etc., p. 67).]
[Footnote 82: Freud, "The Interpretation of Dreams," p. 469.]
[Footnote 83: Binet, _l.c._, p. 84.]
[Footnote 84: "Une autre considération rapproche encore ces deux états, c'est que les actes subconscients ont un effet en quelque sorte hypnotisant et contribuant par eux-mêmes à amener le somnambulisme" ("L'Automatisme," p. 329).]
[Footnote 85: Janet, _l.c._, p. 329.]
[Footnote 86: In literature Gustave Flaubert has made use of a similar falling asleep at the moment of extreme excitement in his novel "Salambo." When the hero, after many struggles, has at last captured Salambo, he suddenly falls asleep just as he touches her virginal bosom.]
[Footnote 87: Perhaps the cases of paralysis of the emotions also belong here. Cf. Baetz, _Allg. Zeitsch. f. Psych._, LVIII., p. 717.]
[Footnote 88: _Allg. Zeitsch. f. Psych._, XXX., p. 17.]
[Footnote 89: _Arch. f. Psych._, XXIII., p. 59.]
[Footnote 90: Cf. here Flournoy, _l.c._, 65.]
[Footnote 91: _Arch. f. Psych._, XXII., p. 737.]
[Footnote 92: _Ibid._, 734.]
[Footnote 93: Bonamaison, "Un cas remarquable d'Hypnose spontanée," etc.--_Rev. de l'Hypnotisme_, Fév. 1890, p. 234.]
[Footnote 94: _Arch. f. Psych._, XXII., 737.]
[Footnote 95: _Ibid._]
[Footnote 96: _Ibid._, XXIII., p. 59 ff.]
[Footnote 97: Cf. Lehman's investigations of involuntary whispering, "Aberglaube und Zauberei," 1898, p. 385 ff.]
[Footnote 98: Thus Flournoy writes, "Dans un premier essai Léopold (H.S.'s control-spirit) ne réussit qu'à donner ses intimations et sa pronunciation à Helen: après une séance où elle avait vivement souffert dans la bouche et le cou comme si on lui travaillait ou lui enlevait les organes vocaux, elle se mit à causer très naturellement."]
[Footnote 99: Loewenfeld, _Arch. f. Psych._, XXIII., 60.]
[Footnote 100: This behaviour recalls Flournoy's observations: "Whilst H.S. as a somnambule speaks as Marie Antoinette, the arms of H.S. do not belong to the somnambulic personality, but to the automatism Leopold, who converses by gestures with the observer" (Flournoy, _l.c._, p. 125).]
[Footnote 101: Dessoir, "Das Doppel-Ich," II. Aufl., 1896, p. 29.]
[Footnote 102: Janet, "L'anesthésie hystérique," _Arch. d'Neur._, 69, 1892.]
[Footnote 103: Graeter, _Zeit. f. Hypnotismus_, VIII., p. 129.]
[Footnote 104: The hysterical attack is not a purely psychical process. By the psychic processes only a pre-formed mechanism is set free, which has nothing to do with psychic processes in and for themselves (Karplus, _Jahr. f. Psych._, XVII.).]
[Footnote 105: Carl Hauptmann, in his drama "Die Bergschmiede," has made use of the objectivation of certain linked association-complexes. In this play the treasure-seeker is met on a gloomy night by a hallucination of his entire better self.]
[Footnote 106: Freud, "The Interpretation of Dreams." See also Breuer and Freud's "Studies on Hysteria," 1895.]
[Footnote 107: Pelman, _Allg. Zeit. f. Psych._, XXI., p. 74.]
[Footnote 108: _Allg. Zeit. f. Psych._, XXII., p. 407.]
[Footnote 109: Flournoy, _l.c._, p. 28.]
[Footnote 110: Binet, "Les Altérations," p. 125. Cf. also Loewenfeld's statements on the subject in "Hypnotismus," 1901.]
[Footnote 111: _Cryptomnesia_ must not be regarded as synonymous with _Hypermnesia_; by the latter term is meant the abnormal quickening of the power of recollection which reproduces the memory-pictures as such.]
[Footnote 112: "Has any one at the end of the nineteenth century any clear conception of what the poets in vigorous ages called inspiration? If not, I will describe it. The slight remnant of superstition by itself would scarcely have sufficed to reject the idea of being merely incarnation, merely mouthpiece, merely the medium of superior forces. The concept revelation in the sense that quite suddenly, with ineffable certainty and delicacy, something is seen, something is heard, something convulsing and breaking into one's inmost self, does but describe the fact. You hear--you do not seek; you accept--asking not who is the giver. Like lightning, flashes the thought, compelling without hesitation as to form--I have had no choice" (Nietzsche's "Works," vol. III., p. 482.).]
[Footnote 113: "There is an ecstasy so great that the immense strain of it is sometimes relaxed by a flood of tears, during which one's steps now involuntarily rush, and anon involuntarily lag. There is the feeling that one is utterly out of hand, with the very distinct consciousness of an endless number of fine thrills and titillations descending to one's very toes;--there is a depth of happiness in which the most painful and gloomy parts do not act as antitheses to the rest, but are produced and required as necessary shades of colour in such an overflow of light" (Nietzsche, "Ecce Homo," vol. XVII. of English translation, by A. M. Ludovici, p. 103).]
[Footnote 114: Eckermann, "Conversations with Goethe," vol. III.]
[Footnote 115: Cf. Goerres, "Die christliche Mystik."]
[Footnote 116: Bresler, "Kulturhistorischer Beitrag zur Hysterie," _Allg. Zeits. f. Psych._ LIII., p. 333.]
[Footnote 117: Zündel, "Biographie Blumhardt's."]
[Footnote 118: "Le baragouin rapide et confus dont on ne peut jamais obtenir la signification, probablement parce qu'il n'en a en effet aucune, n'est qu'un pseudo-langage (p. 193) analogue au baragouinage par lequel les enfants se donnent parfois dans leurs jeux l'illusion qu'ils parlent chinois, indien ou 'sauvage'" (p. 152, Flournoy, _l.c._).]
[Footnote 119: See p. 63.]
[Footnote 120: Flournoy, _l.c._, p. 378.]
[Footnote 121: For a case of this kind see Krafft Ebing, "Lehrbuch," 4th edition, p. 578.]
[Footnote 122: The limitation of the associative processes and the concentration of attention upon a definite sphere of presentation can also lead to the development of new ideas, which no effort of will in the waking state would have been able to accomplish (Loewenfeld, "Hypnotismus," p. 289).]
[Footnote 123: Zschokke, "Eine Selbstschau," III., Aufl. Aarau, 1843, p. 227 ff.]
[Footnote 124: Gilles de la Tourette says, "We have seen somnambulic girls, poor, uneducated, quite stupid in the waking state, whose whole appearance altered so soon as they were sent to sleep. Whilst previously they were boring, now they are lively, alert, sometimes even witty" (Cf. Loewenfeld, _l.c._, p. 132).]
